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　　[01:11.95Today, we'll be continuing the series of lectures on memory by focusing on what is called episodic memory and what can happen if this is not working properly.

　　[01:26.29Episodic memory refers to the memory of an event or 'episode'.

　　[01:33.14Episodic memories allow us to mentally travel back in time to an event from the past.

　　[01:40.69Episodic memories include various details about these events, for example, when an event happened and other information such as the location.

　　[01:55.58To help understand this concept, try to remember the last time you ate dinner at a restaurant.

　　[02:03.25The ability to remember where you ate, who you were with and the items you ordered are all features of an episodic memory.

　　[02:15.48Episodic memory is distinct from another type of memory called semantic memory.

　　[02:23.54This is the type of factual memory that we have in common with everyone else - that is your general knowledge of the world.

　　[02:35.33To build upon a previous example, remembering where you parked your car is an example of episodic memory, but your understanding of what a car is and how an engine works are examples of semantic memory.

　　[02:55.56Unlike episodic memory, semantic memory isn't dependent on recalling personal experiences.

　　[03:06.27Episodic memory can be thought of as a process with several different steps of memory processing: encoding, consolidation and retrieval.

　　[03:20.78The initial step is called encoding.

　　[03:25.15This involves the process of receiving and registering information, which is necessary for creating memories of information or events that you experience.

　　[03:39.50The degree to which you can successfully encode information depends on the level of attention you give to an event while it's actually happening.

　　[03:52.65Being distracted can make effective encoding very difficult.

　　[03:59.07Encoding of episodic memories is also influenced by how you process the event.

　　[04:06.98For example, if you were introduced to someone called Charlie, you might make the connection that your uncle has the same name.

　　[04:18.12Future recollection of Charlie's name is much easier if you have a strategy to help you encode it.

　　[04:29.27Memory consolidation, the next step in forming an episodic memory, is the process by which memories of encoded information are strengthened, stabilised and stored to facilitate later retrieval.

　　[04:48.16Consolidation is most effective when the information being stored can be linked to an existing network of information.

　　[05:00.59Consolidation makes it possible for you to store memories for later retrieval indefinitely.

　　[05:08.92Forming strong memories depends on the frequency with which you try to retrieve them.

　　[05:17.67Memories can fade or become harder to retrieve if they aren't used very often.

　　[05:25.97The last step in forming episodic memories is called retrieval, which is the conscious recollection of encoded information.

　　[05:38.00Retrieving information from episodic memory depends upon semantic, olfactory, auditory and visual factors.

　　[05:50.58These help episodic memory retrieval by acting as a prompt.

　　[05:57.48For example, when recalling where you parked your car you may use the colour of a sign close to where you parked.

　　[06:08.71You actually have to mentally travel back to the moment you parked.

　　[06:19.75There are a wide range of neurological diseases and conditions that can affect episodic memory.

　　[06:29.12These range from Alzheimer's to schizophrenia to autism.

　　[06:36.40An impairment of episodic memory can have a profound effect on individuals' lives.

　　[06:45.32For example, the symptoms of schizophrenia can be reasonably well controlled by medication; however, patients' episodic memory may still be impaired and so they are often unable to return to university or work.

　　[07:07.05Recent studies have shown that computer-assisted games designed to keep the brain active can help improve their episodic memory.

　　[07:20.06Episodic memories can help people connect with others, for instance by sharing intimate details about their past: something individuals with autism often have problems with.

　　[07:36.98This may be caused by an absence of a sense of self.

　　[07:43.35This is essential for the storage of episodic memory, and has been found to be impaired in children with autism.

　　[07:54.11Research has shown that treatments that improve memory may also have a positive impact on children's social development.

　　[08:06.99One study looked at a ...